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In Mahayana Buddhism, the Six Perfections, known as 六波罗蜜 (pronounced “Liù Bōluómì”) in Chinese and Ṣaḍ Paramita in Sanskrit, represent the essential qualities or practices that a Bodhisattva cultivates on the path to enlightenment. These perfections guide practitioners in their spiritual journey, helping them to develop both wisdom and compassion, which are crucial for achieving … 阅读更多

阿修罗 (pronounced “Āxiūluó”) or Asuras in Sanskrit, are a class of powerful beings that occupy a significant yet complex role in Buddhist cosmology. Known for their intense emotions, particularly anger, pride, and jealousy, Asuras are often depicted as fierce warriors engaged in perpetual conflict, primarily against the Devas (gods). The nature of Asuras reflects the … 阅读更多

Magadha (摩揭陀, pronounced “Mójiétuó”) was one of the most prominent and historically significant regions in ancient India, particularly during the time of the Buddha. Situated in what is now the modern-day state of Bihar in India, Magadha played a crucial role in the early development and spread of Buddhism. It is often regarded as the … 阅读更多

摩睺罗伽 (pronounced “Móhóuluójiā”) refers to the Mahoraga, one of the eight classes of deities and mythical beings known collectively as the 八部众 (Bābùzhòng) or “Eight Classes of Protectors” in Buddhist cosmology. These beings are often depicted as protectors of the Dharma (Buddhist teachings) and are mentioned in various Buddhist scriptures, including the Lotus Sutra (法华经) … 阅读更多

In Buddhism, the term Upāsaka (优婆塞 in Chinese, pronounced “Yōupósài”) refers to a male lay devotee who has committed to following the Buddha’s teachings. The female counterpart is known as Upāsikā (优婆夷, pronounced “Yōupóyí”). Together, Upāsakas and Upāsikās represent the lay community in Buddhism, which plays a crucial role in supporting the monastic Sangha (community … 阅读更多

In Buddhist cosmology, the Caturmahārājakayikas are known as the “Four Great Kings” (Sanskrit: Caturmahārāja; Pali: Cātummahārājā), who rule over the four cardinal directions of the world. They are powerful deities tasked with protecting the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha) and safeguarding the world from harmful influences. These Four Kings reside in the lowest of … 阅读更多

Avīci is a term from Buddhism that refers to the lowest and most intense level of the Buddhist hell. It is also known as the “uninterrupted hell” or “endless suffering.” In Buddhist belief, it is the place where the worst kinds of evil-doers are sent after death, where they experience unending and excruciating pain without … 阅读更多

A Stūpa is a mound-like or hemispherical structure containing relics like śarīra, typically the remains of Buddhist monks or nuns) that is used as a place of meditation. In Sanskrit, “stupa” means heap. At its simplest, a stupa is a dirt burial mound faced with stone, a place of burial or a receptacle for religious … 阅读更多

In Buddhism, Gandharvas are one of the six classes of beings in the realm of desire. They are celestial beings who are associated with music and dance and are often depicted as having wings and playing instruments. According to Buddhist mythology, they inhabit the heavens and enjoy the pleasures of music, dance, and sensual indulgences. … 阅读更多

The act of bowing to the feet in Buddhism is a gesture of humility, acknowledging the spiritual wisdom and purity of the person or being being revered. It symbolizes the surrender of ego and the devotion of the practitioner to the path of enlightenment. This ritual is often performed by monks, nuns, and lay practitioners … 阅读更多