四向四果,佛教术语,为声闻修行的次第及证得的果位,出于《杂阿含经》。其中,须陀洹、斯陀含、阿那含及阿罗汉,四者称四沙门果;再加上初果向、二果向、三果向、四果向,合称四向四果。因为每一个果位都分成两阶段,所以又称四双八辈、四双八士。
1. 须陀洹
(梵语:Srotāpanna,巴利语:Sotapanna),又译为须陀桓、须陀般那,窣路多阿半那,窣路陀阿钵囊等,义译预入、沟港、至流、预流、入流等,佛教术语,是佛的四双八辈弟子中的最初位阶,上座部和部派佛教至大乘佛教都设沙门四果中的果位。 须陀洹(巴利语:Sotapanna)是由巴利语:sota(意为河流),与巴利语:āpanna(进入者、胜者),合成,字面意义为进入河流者、于河流中的胜者。 释迦牟尼佛以河流来比喻八正道,遵行八正道即是入流。能够入流的要素(入流支)有四个:亲近善知识,听闻正法,如理思惟以及遵行正法(法、次法向)。遵行以上四者,就能够成就向须陀洹。成就四不坏信,就可证须陀洹果。
- Sakkāya-diṭṭhi: The belief in a permanent self or soul.
- Vicikicchā: Doubt in the Buddha’s teachings.
- Sīlabbata-parāmāsa: Attachment to rites and rituals as the path to enlightenment.
A Sotāpanna is assured of attaining full enlightenment (Arahantship) within seven lives and is no longer subject to rebirth in lower realms (such as hell, the animal realm, or the ghost realm).
2. 斯陀含
(梵语:Sakridāgāmi,巴利语:Sakadagami)是部派佛教修行的位阶、果位名称,意为一还果,是沙门四果第二阶成果成效,因此也称为二果,在此之前则为须陀洹(初果、预流果),此之后则为阿那含(三果、不还果)。 斯陀含为梵语,翻译成汉语、中文的意思是「一往来」,佛经中也称为「一上一还」,指的是:最多只会在天界与人间再往返一次,就能够完全解脱,永远出离轮回。得一来果的圣者,又称家家(kulajkula)。 须陀洹果与斯陀含果的成就,代表三无漏学中的戒行圆满,因此得斯陀含果的圣者,不会投生三恶道,其定力与修行也不会退失,至多在天界与人间往返一次,就可以得到解脱。
3. 阿那含
(梵语:अनागामिन्,Anāgāmi),是一个佛教用语,由后秦鸠摩罗什由梵语译为阿那含,「不来」或「不还」之义,声闻第三果。谓不再来,又称不还果,是佛教修行者进入圣道的果位之一,为部派佛教之中沙门四果的第三向,得证此果位的人将不再回还欲界,而证涅槃。 此位须断尽界见惑及欲界九品思惑,方证得之。 五下分结尽,得阿那含。五下分结是:我见(身见)、戒禁取见、疑见、贪欲、瞋恚。欲界的修道所断惑,至此已经断尽。 证阿那含果的圣者,已经断了欲界的烦恼修惑,不再染着欲界的五欲。因断除了欲界的贪爱,必定证得初禅。死后将会离开欲界,上升色界或无色界,在那边入涅槃,不再返还欲界。
- Kāmacchanda: Sensual desire.
- Vyāpāda: Ill-will.
At this stage, the practitioner has overcome attachment to sensory pleasures and has cultivated a profound equanimity and understanding of the impermanent nature of all phenomena.
4. 阿罗汉
阿罗汉(梵语:अर्हत्,Arhat;巴利语:Arahant),又译阿罗诃,意译为应供、杀贼、无生,汉语常简称为罗汉;为原始佛教、部派佛教的第四果,是依照佛三转法轮解脱道的教导修习四念处、十二因缘观、四圣谛、八圣道,于蕴、处、界观行一切有为法的刹那生灭、空、无常、苦、无我,进而断尽我见、我执、三界贪爱、无明及其它所有烦恼,于当世舍寿时愿意将自我灭尽不再受后有于三界中出生,脱离生死轮回之苦而入无余涅槃界的圣者。自佛陀三转法轮以来,至今已有成千上万的弟子成就阿罗汉果,还有众多的弟子成就阿那含、斯陀含和须陀洹。 佛陀十号中,也包括阿罗汉,汉译通常作“应供”。
- Rūparāga: Attachment to form realms.
- Arūparāga: Attachment to formless realms.
- Māna: Conceit.
- Uddhacca: Restlessness.
- Avijjā: Ignorance.
An Arahant has achieved full enlightenment and liberation from the cycle of birth and death. The mind is completely free from defilements, and the Arahant lives in a state of perfect peace and equanimity, having realized the true nature of reality.
Significance of the Four Stages
The Four Stages of Enlightenment represent a clear and structured path towards spiritual liberation in Theravada Buddhism. Each stage signifies a deepening of insight, the shedding of mental impurities, and a step closer to the ultimate goal of Nirvana. Practitioners are encouraged to cultivate mindfulness, wisdom, and ethical conduct to progress through these stages, with the understanding that enlightenment is not an abrupt transformation but a gradual process of mental purification and spiritual awakening.
Conclusion
The Four Stages of Enlightenment offer a roadmap for those on the Buddhist path, illustrating the transformation from an ordinary being bound by ignorance and desire to a fully enlightened Arahant. By understanding and aspiring to these stages, practitioners can navigate their spiritual journey with clarity and purpose, gradually eliminating the causes of suffering and moving closer to the ultimate freedom of Nirvana.