Bagan, Myanmar, is a destination that seems to be plucked straight from a dream. With over 2,000 ancient temples, pagodas, and stupas scattered across its vast plains, it’s a place where history, spirituality, and breathtaking landscapes converge. This ancient city, once the capital of the Pagan Kingdom, is a treasure trove of architectural wonders that date back over a thousand years. Whether you’re a history enthusiast, a photography lover, or a spiritual seeker, Bagan offers a unique and awe-inspiring experience.
In this guide, we’ll take you on a journey through the top 10 places to visit in Bagan. From the towering spires of Thatbyinnyu Temple to the golden glow of Shwezigon Pagoda, these must-see sites encapsulate the beauty and mystery of Bagan. Prepare to be enchanted by the ancient wonders that await you in this timeless land.
Table of Contents
1. Ananda Temple
Ananda Temple, often referred to as the “Westminster Abbey of Myanmar,” is one of Bagan’s most significant and well-preserved temples. Constructed in 1105 AD during the reign of King Kyansittha, it is renowned for its architectural brilliance, blending Mon and Indian influences. The temple features a cruciform layout, with four large standing Buddha statues, each facing one of the cardinal directions. These statues are surrounded by numerous smaller niches filled with delicate sculptures, murals, and carvings that depict the life of the Buddha and other religious motifs.
Best Things to Do:
- Admire the Buddha Statues: Spend time exploring each of the four colossal Buddha statues, noting the differences in their gestures and expressions.
- Explore the Frescoes: Take a closer look at the intricate frescoes and carvings that adorn the interior walls, offering insights into ancient Burmese art.
- Visit during a Festival: If you’re visiting in January, don’t miss the Ananda Temple Festival, a vibrant celebration that draws thousands of pilgrims.
2. Shwesandaw Pagoda
Shwesandaw Pagoda, also known as the “Sunset Pagoda,” is one of Bagan’s most famous and frequently visited sites, especially for its breathtaking sunset views. Built in 1057 by King Anawrahta, the founder of the Pagan Empire, this white-washed pagoda is distinguished by its five terraces leading up to a circular stupa at the top. The pagoda is not only a spot for worship but also a prime location for visitors wanting to capture the vastness of Bagan’s temple-studded plains from a high vantage point.
Best Things to Do:
- Climb to the Top: Brave the steep steps to reach the upper terraces for panoramic views of Bagan, especially at sunset or sunrise.
- Photography: This is one of the best spots in Bagan for photography, so make sure to bring your camera to capture the stunning landscape.
- Reflect on History: As you walk around the terraces, reflect on the pagoda’s historical significance and the countless pilgrims who have visited over the centuries.
3. Dhammayangyi Temple
Dhammayangyi Temple is the largest temple in Bagan and is often shrouded in mystery due to its dark history and massive, imposing structure. Built by King Narathu in the 12th century, the temple is known for its fine brickwork, which is considered the best in Bagan. The temple was left unfinished, adding to its enigmatic atmosphere. The interior is narrow and maze-like, with small chambers leading to Buddha statues and relics, making it a place filled with intrigue and legend.
Best Things to Do:
- Explore the Interior: Wander through the narrow corridors to discover hidden chambers and Buddha statues.
- Learn the Legends: Engage with a local guide to learn about the temple’s dark history and the legends surrounding King Narathu’s reign.
- Admire the Brickwork: Take time to appreciate the precision of the bricklaying, which is still intact after centuries.
4. Thatbyinnyu Temple
Thatbyinnyu Temple, standing at over 61 meters, is the tallest temple in Bagan and a remarkable example of the region’s architectural evolution. Built in the mid-12th century during the reign of King Alaungsithu, this temple is named after the Buddha’s omniscience (“Thatbyinnyu” in Pali). Its towering spires and the combination of solid and hollow structures make it an architectural masterpiece. The temple’s whitewashed exterior contrasts beautifully with the surrounding greenery, making it a striking landmark in the Bagan skyline.
Best Things to Do:
- Climb for Views: While climbing is restricted on many temples, the base of Thatbyinnyu offers great angles for photography, especially at sunrise.
- Explore the Grounds: Walk around the temple grounds to find smaller stupas and shrines that are often overlooked.
- Learn About the Architecture: Notice the transition from the early solid-core temples to the hollow interior, which allowed for more elaborate design and artwork.
5. Shwezigon Pagoda
Shwezigon Pagoda is one of the most revered and important religious sites in Bagan, serving as a prototype for many later Burmese stupas. Built by King Anawrahta and completed by his successor, King Kyansittha, in the 11th century, the pagoda is believed to enshrine a bone and tooth relic of the Buddha. Its golden stupa, which gleams under the sunlight, is surrounded by smaller shrines, zayats (resting places), and intricately decorated pillars. The pagoda’s influence is seen in its design, which has inspired many other stupas across Myanmar.
Best Things to Do:
- Circumambulate the Stupa: Join the local devotees as they walk clockwise around the stupa, a traditional act of worship.
- Explore the Surroundings: Discover the smaller shrines and structures around the main pagoda, each offering a different perspective and story.
- Visit at Sunrise: The golden stupa glows magnificently at sunrise, making it an ideal time for photography.
6. Htilominlo Temple
Htilominlo Temple is a majestic red-brick temple built in 1218 by King Htilominlo, known for its elaborate plaster moldings and finely detailed carvings. Standing 46 meters tall, this three-story structure showcases some of the best-preserved stucco work in Bagan. The temple’s name comes from an old Burmese word meaning “to remain steadfast,” and it is said that the king was chosen by a white umbrella that pointed at him, marking him as the next ruler. Inside, you’ll find several Buddha statues and the remnants of original wall paintings.
Best Things to Do:
- Admire the Stucco Decorations: Examine the intricate stucco work on the exterior, which has remarkably survived the test of time.
- Explore the Buddha Statues: Inside, discover multiple Buddha images, each with distinct expressions and postures.
- Look for the Umbrella Markings: See if you can find the symbolic umbrella carvings that link to the temple’s origin story.
7. Sulamani Temple
Sulamani Temple, often called the “Crowning Jewel” of Bagan, is a splendid example of Bagan’s late architecture. Constructed in 1183 by King Narapatisithu, this temple combines elements from the early and middle periods of Bagan architecture, creating a harmonious blend of solidity and ornate design. The temple is known for its beautiful brickwork, extensive frescoes, and graceful arches. Its walls are adorned with detailed carvings and paintings that depict scenes from the Jataka tales (stories of the Buddha’s previous lives).
Best Things to Do:
- Examine the Frescoes: Spend time inside the temple exploring the well-preserved frescoes that line the walls, offering a glimpse into ancient Burmese religious art.
- Capture the Architecture: The symmetrical design of Sulamani Temple makes it a favorite among photographers; don’t miss the opportunity to take some stunning shots.
- Visit in the Early Morning: Visiting early allows you to experience the temple in peace before the crowds arrive, enhancing the spiritual atmosphere.
8. Lawkananda Pagoda
Lawkananda Pagoda is situated on the banks of the Ayeyarwady River and offers one of the most scenic views in Bagan. Built by King Anawrahta in the 11th century, this pagoda is particularly significant for enshrining a Buddha tooth relic. The pagoda’s riverside location makes it a peaceful retreat, especially at sunset when the golden spire is bathed in a warm glow. The serene environment, combined with the gentle sounds of the river, provides a perfect setting for reflection and relaxation.
- Best Things to Do:
- Enjoy the Sunset: Visit the pagoda at sunset to witness the beautiful reflections of the golden spire on the river.
- Relax by the River: Spend some quiet time by the river, soaking in the tranquil atmosphere and scenic views.
- Reflect on Spirituality: The peaceful surroundings make it an ideal spot for meditation or quiet contemplation.
9. Manuha Temple
Manuha Temple is a unique site in Bagan, built in 1067 by King Manuha, a captured Mon king held in Bagan. The temple’s design is said to reflect his feelings of confinement and sorrow, with large Buddha statues tightly enclosed within small, cramped chambers. The most striking feature is the colossal reclining Buddha, symbolizing the king’s wish for nirvana and release from suffering. Despite its melancholic history, Manuha Temple offers a deep, introspective experience for visitors.
Best Things to Do:
- Contemplate the Reclining Buddha: The enormous reclining Buddha is both awe-inspiring and thought-provoking, representing the king’s longing for freedom.
- Explore the Smaller Chambers: Each chamber houses a different Buddha statue, allowing for reflection on the temple’s symbolic meaning.
- Learn About King Manuha: Engage with a guide or read about the history of King Manuha and how his story is embedded in the temple’s architecture.
10. Buphaya Pagoda
Buphaya Pagoda is one of the oldest pagodas in Bagan, believed to date back to the 3rd century. Its distinctive bulbous shape and riverside location make it a recognizable landmark. Although the original structure was destroyed by an earthquake in 1975, the rebuilt pagoda still attracts visitors with its historical significance and stunning views of the Ayeyarwady River. The name “Bupaya” translates to “gourd pagoda,” referring to its shape, and the site is especially popular for sunset views.
Best Things to Do:
Watch the River: Enjoy the peaceful view of the Ayeyarwady River, where you can watch boats pass by and see the changing colors of the sky.
Photograph the Pagoda: The unique shape of Bupaya, coupled with its riverside backdrop, makes it a perfect subject for photography.
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