阿修罗 (pronounced “Āxiūluó”) or Asuras in Sanskrit, are a class of powerful beings that occupy a significant yet complex role in Buddhist cosmology. Known for their intense emotions, particularly anger, pride, and jealousy, Asuras are often depicted as fierce warriors engaged in perpetual conflict, primarily against the Devas (gods). The nature of Asuras reflects the … Read more
Magadha (摩揭陀, pronounced “Mójiétuó”) was one of the most prominent and historically significant regions in ancient India, particularly during the time of the Buddha. Situated in what is now the modern-day state of Bihar in India, Magadha played a crucial role in the early development and spread of Buddhism. It is often regarded as the … Read more
摩睺罗伽 (pronounced “Móhóuluójiā”) refers to the Mahoraga, one of the eight classes of deities and mythical beings known collectively as the 八部众 (Bābùzhòng) or “Eight Classes of Protectors” in Buddhist cosmology. These beings are often depicted as protectors of the Dharma (Buddhist teachings) and are mentioned in various Buddhist scriptures, including the Lotus Sutra (法华经) … Read more
In Buddhism, the term Upāsaka (优婆塞 in Chinese, pronounced “Yōupósài”) refers to a male lay devotee who has committed to following the Buddha’s teachings. The female counterpart is known as Upāsikā (优婆夷, pronounced “Yōupóyí”). Together, Upāsakas and Upāsikās represent the lay community in Buddhism, which plays a crucial role in supporting the monastic Sangha (community … Read more
In Buddhist cosmology, the Caturmahārājakayikas are known as the “Four Great Kings” (Sanskrit: Caturmahārāja; Pali: Cātummahārājā), who rule over the four cardinal directions of the world. They are powerful deities tasked with protecting the Dharma (the teachings of the Buddha) and safeguarding the world from harmful influences. These Four Kings reside in the lowest of … Read more
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