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Garuḍa is a legendary bird creature from Hindu, Buddhist, and Jain mythology. In Hinduism, Garuḍa is depicted as a divine bird and the vehicle (vahana) of Lord Vishnu, one of the principal deities in the Hindu pantheon. He is often portrayed as a half-man, half-bird figure with a human body and eagle-like wings, beak, and … Read more

佛教术语，是以佛陀为师，遵从佛陀的言传身教，持戒修行证得沙门果的人。根據巴利聖典《中部·基多山經》，佛陀將修行者分成如下七類賢聖。按巴利三藏《長部·沙門果經》等记载，聲聞又可依据不同果位分为四向四果。 七類賢者 隨信行人：一些人不能親證各種寂靜的無色界解脫，不能以慧見盡除各種漏，但對如來有一定稱度的尊敬，因此他們將會有信根，精進根，念根，定根，慧根。 隨法行人：一些人不能親身證悟各種寂靜的無色界解脫，不能以慧見盡除各種漏，他們智慧雖然不銳利，但對如來講授的法能清楚理解，因此他們將會有信根，精進根，念根，定根，慧根。 信解脫人：一些人不能親證各種寂靜的無色界解脫，但他們有慧見，盡除了一些漏;他們對如來建立一份有根基、堅固的敬信。 見到人：一些人不能親證各種寂靜的無色界解脫，能以智慧透徹了解和深入觀察。 身證人：一些人親證各種寂靜的無色界解脫，安住在證悟之中，他們有慧見，盡除了一些漏。 慧解脫人：一些人不能親證各種寂靜的無色界解脫，但有慧見而得漏盡。 俱解脫人：一些人親身觸證各種寂靜的無色界解脫，安住在證悟之中，及有慧見而得漏盡。

毗舍遮（梵语：पिशाच，转写：piśāca），又作毗舍闍（毗舍阇）、毕舍遮、辟舍柘、臂奢柘等，印度神话中以尸体和人的精气为食的恶鬼，又称癫鬼（颠鬼）、癫狂鬼（颠狂鬼）、啖精鬼、食精气鬼，或食尸者、食血肉鬼、餐尸者（梵语：क्रव्याद，转写： Kravyād）等。女性的毕舍遮被称为“毕舍质”（piśācī）。 佛教认为毕舍遮是饿鬼道众生之一，有学者认为薛荔多鬼和饿鬼的名称都由它衍生而来。 《大毗婆沙论》认为毗舍遮拥有畜生外相故属于畜生道。 毕舍遮是四大天王持国天王的部属。在藏传佛教密宗理论中，毕舍遮位于现图胎藏曼荼罗外院之南，形如饿鬼，手持人的残肢、或“劫波罗”（Kapala，髑髅）。 Pishachas (Sanskrit: पिशाच, Piśāca) are flesh-eating demons in Hindu theology. Theology describes them as the sons of either Krodha (figuratively “Anger”) or as Dakṣa’s daughter Piśāca. They have been described to bulging veins and protruding, red eyes. They are believed to have their own languages, known as Paiśāci. According to … Read more

富单那（梵语、巴利语：bhūtana或bhūta、bhūtaḥ，印地语：bhūt，藏语：’byung po，义为已生的、存在、众生、鬼等；一说作pūtana、pūtanaḥ，藏语：srul po，义为臭秽、热臭、臭者），又作布单那、布怛那、富多那、富多罗、富陀那、补单那，意译臭饿鬼、热病鬼、灾怪鬼（怪、恠通用）等； 印度神话中的一类鬼，佛教认为是饿鬼道众生中福最胜者，是四大天王所统帅的八部鬼众之一，即广目天王的眷属，或持国天王的眷属。

罗刹（梵语：राक्षस，转写：Rākṣasa，巴利语：Rakkhasa），又作罗刹姿、罗叉娑、罗刹娑、罗乞察娑、阿落刹娑等，意译为可畏、速疾鬼、护者。罗刹女称罗叉私、罗刹斯（梵语：Rākṣasī）。 印度教神话体系中一种常见的鬼神（其他鬼神包括阿修罗和毕舍遮等），在佛教中被归属于饿鬼道中的有福德、威神力的强大鬼，为四大天王多闻天王的手下，也是密宗十二天中西南方的护法神，称为罗刹天，别名涅哩底（梵语：Nairṛtī，巴利语：Nirṛti），又作泥哩底王、祢哩底王。

药叉又名夜叉（梵语：यक्ष，转写：Yakṣa；巴利语：यक्ख，转写：yakkha），又译为药叉，本义「以鬼为食的神」，佛教中属于鬼道，意译为「能啖鬼」、「捷疾鬼」、「勇健」、「轻捷」等。女性夜叉，称夜叉女（梵语：yakṣī或yakṣiṇī，巴利语：yakkhī或yakkhinī）。 佛教认为夜叉有三种，《维摩经》注：“什曰：夜叉有三种：一、在地，二、在空虚，三、天夜叉也。”在佛教中，北方毗沙门天王即率领夜叉八大将，“维护众生界”。愿意护持佛教的夜叉神称为执金刚神，领袖是密迹金刚。著名的夜叉王有十二药叉大将。 投生到夜叉身的因缘，是过去行布施，或常先损害后再利益他人，而得的果报。

In Buddhist literature, the term 俱胝 (pronounced “Jùzhī” in Chinese and “Koti” in Sanskrit) refers to a large numerical unit, often translated as “ten million” or “one crore.” This term is frequently used in Buddhist scriptures to convey vast quantities, particularly in the context of time, merit, or the number of beings. The concept of … Read more

In Buddhist tradition, the Five Superknowledges (五神通, pronounced “Wǔ Shéntōng”) refer to extraordinary spiritual abilities that are attained through deep meditation and advanced spiritual practice. These supernormal powers, known as Abhijñā in Sanskrit and Pali, are considered mystical capabilities that arise from the cultivation of samadhi (deep concentration) and are often associated with the attainment … Read more

In Mahayana Buddhism, the Ten Grounds (十地, pronounced “Shí Dì”), also known as Daśa-bhūmi in Sanskrit, represent the ten progressive stages on the path of a Bodhisattva toward full enlightenment and Buddhahood. Each ground or stage marks a significant level of spiritual development, where the Bodhisattva cultivates increasingly profound wisdom, compassion, and skillful means to … Read more

The Four Stages of Enlightenment, known as “四向四果” in Chinese, represent a key concept in Theravada Buddhism, outlining the progressive stages that a practitioner passes through on the path to Nirvana. These stages are significant as they mark the gradual purification of the mind and the diminishing of suffering and defilements. Let’s explore each stage … Read more